Gallium
GA-001 — Experimental public evidence methodPublic evidence is continuous through Gallium; qualified domestic primary recovery remains unresolved.
View Gallium pathwaySee the pathway. Verify the constraint. Direct the next move.
USGS 2025 · 60 critical minerals
Explore critical minerals, their application connections, and reviewed pathways where public evidence is available.
Start with one material. Follow the pathway. See how far the evidence carries. Identify what must be proven next.
Official field. Every mineral node is on the final USGS 2025 Critical Minerals List.
Position. DOE application rows influence location. Position is connection, not ranking.
Review depth. Evidence review is separate from official designation and application use.
Material systems. Related material systems remain a separate layer rather than being relabeled as official critical minerals.
Rare-earth convention. The Atlas 15-count follows the controlled USGS commodity grouping used here; scandium remains separately listed.
Evidence boundary. Supported facts stay supported. Unknowns stay visible.
Public method. M0 identifies the experimental public evidence method used here. It does not indicate readiness, qualification, certification, or acquisition approval.
LIST VIEW
Scan and open the complete official field.
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Magnets & Motion, Energy & Storage, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Energy & Storage
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: No DOE application row mapped in this controlled snapshot.
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025
Where it is used: Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: No DOE application row mapped in this controlled snapshot.
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Energy & Storage, Steel & Structure
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Catalysts
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Steel & Structure
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Energy & Storage, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Magnets & Motion, Energy & Storage, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Magnets & Motion
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Energy & Storage
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Steel & Structure
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Magnets & Motion, Steel & Structure
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Magnets & Motion, Energy & Storage
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS, DOE-TRACE-GA-2026, GA-001
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Energy & Storage
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Energy & Storage, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Magnets & Motion, Energy & Storage
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Energy & Storage
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Catalysts
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Energy & Storage, Catalysts
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Energy & Storage, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Energy & Storage, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Energy & Storage, Steel & Structure
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Steel & Structure
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Magnets & Motion
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Energy & Storage, Aerospace & Defense, Steel & Structure
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Steel & Structure
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Catalysts
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Energy & Storage
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Energy & Storage, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: No DOE application row mapped in this controlled snapshot.
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025
Where it is used: Magnets & Motion, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Aerospace & Defense, Catalysts
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Catalysts
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Catalysts
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Magnets & Motion, Energy & Storage
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Energy & Storage, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Energy & Storage, Steel & Structure
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Energy & Storage
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS, DFARS-252.225-7052
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Energy & Storage, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Magnets & Motion
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Energy & Storage, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS, DFARS-252.225-7052
Where it is used: Energy & Storage
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Energy & Storage, Steel & Structure
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Catalysts
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Electronics & Optics, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
Where it is used: Energy & Storage, Aerospace & Defense
Source IDs: USGS-CM-2025, DOE-CMM-APPLICATIONS
PATHWAY PREVIEWS
Two reviewed public examples. Reviewed does not mean qualified.
Public evidence is continuous through Gallium; qualified domestic primary recovery remains unresolved.
View Gallium pathwayPublic evidence is continuous through critical materials; a qualified material stack remains unresolved.
View YIG pathwayBROWSE
The full official field remains available in the precision Index above.
Open precision Index →PATHWAY
The bridge remains continuous only as far as the reviewed evidence carries it.
EVIDENCE
Official designation, application mapping, policy context, and reviewed evidence stay separated.
View evidence & sources →MATERIAL SYSTEMS
YIG, GGG, GaN, NdFeB, SiC and other real material systems connect the mineral field to devices and missions.
Explore connected material systems →PATHWAY INTRODUCTION
The official field is broad. Reviewed pathway evidence remains intentionally narrow.
Critical Mineral · Reviewed Pathway
PATHWAY AT A GLANCE
The first unresolved link marks the evidence boundary. Later-stage context remains separate.
PATHWAY
The continuous bridge stops where the reviewed evidence stops.
material
processing
required form
fabrication
component
validation
qualification
acquisition access
system
mission
PATHWAY STEP
Supported facts stay supported. Unknowns stay visible.
Qualified domestic primary recovery at mission-relevant scaleDownstream facts may remain independently supported, but they do not reconnect the pathway across this unresolved link.
DERIVED FROM REVIEWED PUBLIC EVIDENCE
Existing governed evidence is organized here without a score, rank, or automated decision.
Selected support summaries · complete seven-claim register below.
Gallium is included on the final 2025 U.S. List of Critical Minerals, where USGS identifies semiconductor use.
Supported · USGS-CRITICAL-2025 →USGS reports that low-purity unrefined gallium is not produced in the United States and that U.S. demand is met by imports from multiple countries.
Supported · USGS-GA-STATS →USGS reports that about 79% of gallium consumed in the United States is in GaAs, GaN, and GaP wafers.
Supported · USGS-GA-STATS →USGS reports analog and digital integrated circuits as the largest identified share of U.S. gallium consumption, with optoelectronic devices accounting for most of the remainder.
Supported · USGS-GA-STATS →DOE stated on April 14, 2026 that the United States was 100% net import reliant on gallium and had not domestically produced the critical mineral since 1987.
Supported · DOE-TRACE-GA-2026 →DOE announced approximately $5.4 million for five TRACE-Ga projects intended to advance domestic gallium recovery from U.S. metal-processing feedstocks.
Supported · DOE-TRACE-GA-2026 →DOE described TRACE-Ga prototype objectives that include producing at least 50 kilograms of pure gallium during at least one 14-day continuous campaign and demonstrating a pathway toward at least one metric ton per year scale.
Supported · DOE-TRACE-GA-2025 →PATHWAY INTRODUCTION
Engineered Material System · Reviewed Context
MATERIAL IDENTITY
Engineered magnetic material system. Reviewed public context.
PATHWAY AT A GLANCE
The first unresolved link marks the evidence boundary. Later-stage context remains separate.
TRACE
Existing governed relationships show where the public pathway is supported and where continuity stops.
Yttrium is the YIG critical-mineral constituent. Gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) and yttrium scandium gallium aluminum garnet (YSGAG) introduce additional critical-mineral dependencies in common or emerging substrate systems.
Yttrium is the critical-mineral anchor for YIG. Common YIG substrate systems introduce additional critical-mineral dependencies through GGG or YSGAG.
Public evidence reviewed here does not establish qualified precursor form, purity, processor, substrate lot, repeatability, or assured supply for a mission-relevant YIG stack.
Evidence basis: No qualifying public evidence was identified in the reviewed corpus for a BN7-specific precursor form, purity, processor, substrate lot, repeatability, or assured mission-relevant YIG material stack.
Peer-reviewed work demonstrates low-damping YIG thin films, including liquid-phase epitaxy and high-quality YIG on garnet substrates.
Peer-reviewed device work demonstrates YIG-on-GGG resonators and microfabrication approaches; this establishes feasibility context, not a qualified production line.
A 2024 peer-reviewed experiment implemented quantum logic on a room-temperature hybrid magnon-spin system using a YIG film and NV centers. This is a research demonstration, not proof of scalable room-temperature quantum computing.
Mission-relevant proof would require independent acceptable ranges for damping/linewidth, propagation loss, temperature and field behavior, substrate effects, repeatability, yield, interfaces, and device-level performance.
Evidence basis: The reviewed literature identifies relevant material and substrate performance variables, but it does not provide a mission-specific acceptance range, independent qualification protocol, repeatability baseline, or production-yield criterion.
No program-specific qualified supplier path, acquisition route, transition sponsor, demand commitment, or acceptance baseline is established by this public snapshot.
Evidence basis: No program-specific public evidence was identified in the reviewed corpus for a qualified supplier path, acquisition route, transition sponsor, demand commitment, or acceptance baseline.
Specific mission availability, sustainment, security, reliability, and operational performance remain outside the public evidence reviewed here.
Evidence basis: No mission-specific public evidence was identified in the reviewed corpus for availability, sustainment, security, reliability, or operational performance.
PATHWAY STEP
Supported facts stay supported. Unknowns stay visible.
Public sources support the identified critical-mineral inputs. Peer-reviewed sources separately document technical relevance and multiple laboratory and device demonstrations.
The reviewed public evidence does not establish the required precursor, purity, processor, substrate lot, and repeatability as one qualified material stack. It also does not establish mission-scale manufacturing, acquisition approval, or mission readiness.
Qualified Material StackLater peer-reviewed demonstrations remain useful context, but they do not reconnect a continuous source-to-mission chain across the unresolved qualified material-stack and supply condition.
DERIVED FROM REVIEWED PUBLIC EVIDENCE
Existing governed evidence is organized here without a score, rank, or automated decision.
A 2021 peer-reviewed experiment reported Josephson oscillations in a room-temperature magnon Bose-Einstein condensate in a YIG film grown on GGG. This establishes relevant physical context, not validation of any specific proposed device architecture or scalable room-temperature quantum computer.
APS-YIG-MAGNON-JOSEPHSON-2021 ↗DEEPER CONTEXT
Only explicit governed relationships connect these systems to the selected pathway.
Low-damping ferrimagnetic garnet used in magnonics, spintronics, microwave devices, and hybrid magnon-spin research.
Reviewed Public ContextRelated critical mineralsCommon lattice-matched substrate for high-quality YIG films; low-temperature substrate magnetization may introduce additional damping.
Reviewed Public ContextRelated critical mineralsObserved Gallium use form in the released public snapshot.
Public ContextRelated critical mineralsObserved Gallium use form in the released public snapshot.
Public ContextRelated critical mineralsDOE engineered critical-material context.
Public ContextRelated critical mineralsDOE non-elemental critical-material context.
Public ContextRelated critical mineralsOfficial designation, application mapping, policy context, and Bridge Node 7 review remain source-separated.
ATLAS BASIS
U.S. Geological Survey
2025-11-06 · verified 2026-08-11T01:31:00Zofficial-field
Open controlled source ↗U.S. Department of Energy
Source publication date · verified 2026-08-11T01:31:00Zapplication-mapping
Open controlled source ↗U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Critical Minerals and Energy Innovation
2026-04-14 · verified 2026-08-11T01:31:00Zgallium-public-context
Open controlled source ↗Acquisition.gov / U.S. Department of Defense
2026-05-07 · verified 2026-08-11T01:31:00Zpolicy-context
Open controlled source ↗Bridge Node 7
2026-08-10 · verified 2026-08-11T01:31:00Zreviewed-pathway
Open controlled source ↗U.S. Geological Survey
2026 · verified 2026-08-11T02:55:00Zyttrium-supply-context
Open controlled source ↗American Physical Society
2020-02-27 · verified 2026-08-11T02:55:00Zyig-thin-film-growth
Open controlled source ↗American Physical Society
2024-11-18 · verified 2026-08-11T02:55:00Zroom-temperature-yig-hybrid-research
Open controlled source ↗Nature Electronics
2025-02-27 · verified 2026-08-11T02:55:00Zyig-ggg-device-fabrication
Open controlled source ↗Communications Materials
2026-03-30 · verified 2026-08-11T02:55:00Zyig-substrate-temperature-context
Open controlled source ↗American Physical Society
2021-10-14 · verified 2026-08-11T04:05:00Zroom-temperature-magnon-josephson-context
Open controlled source ↗REVIEWED EVIDENCE
U.S. Geological Survey, National Minerals Information Center
Undated source page · accessed 2026-08-10Supports: GA-C02, GA-C03, GA-C04
View official source ↗U.S. Geological Survey
2025-11-14 · accessed 2026-08-10Supports: GA-C01
View official source ↗U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Critical Minerals and Energy Innovation
2026-04-14 · accessed 2026-08-10Supports: GA-C05, GA-C06
View official source ↗U.S. Department of Energy
2025-09-15 · accessed 2026-08-10Supports: GA-C07
View official source ↗BRIDGE NODE 7
Explore how evidence, uncertainty, and human judgment shape strategic choices.